Researchers use OpenAI's GPT-5.2 Pro to make new discoveries about quantum gravity

Using GPT-5.2 Pro , a scientific team including OpenAI and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton has reported new mathematical results on quantum gravity theory . The paper has been published on the preprint server arXiv.

[2603.04330] Single-minus graviton tree amplitudes are nonzero
https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.04330

Extending single-minus amplitudes to gravitons | OpenAI
https://openai.com/index/extending-single-minus-amplitudes-to-gravitons/

The newly published paper looks at gravitons , the hypothetical particles that mediate gravitational interactions, and studies the scattering amplitudes used to calculate the probability that particles will interact in a particular way.

In particular, the team focused on a 'single-minus amplitude' configuration, where one particle has negative helicity and the other has positive helicity. Helicity, which describes the orientation of a particle's spin relative to its direction of motion, plays a key role in determining how interactions occur.

Previously, it was suggested that the single-minus amplitude should disappear in the lowest-order interaction process, known as the 'tree level.' However, this research shows that when the particle momentum satisfies a special configuration known as the 'half-collinear regime,' the single-minus amplitude is not zero but exists as a well-defined mathematical distribution.

A key aspect of this study is that the scientists used OpenAI's GPT-5.2 Pro. The same research team published a paper on the gluon in February 2026, which also reportedly used GPT-5.2 Pro.

OpenAI's GPT-5.2 succeeds in creating a new physics equation - GIGAZINE

The research team provided GPT-5.2 Pro with a previously published paper on gluons as context, asking it to use it as a reference to construct the corresponding amplitude in quantum gravity. While this task would have taken a human scientist considerable time, GPT-5.2 Pro solved it in a 'beautiful and surprising way,' and reportedly produced a high-quality preliminary draft of the paper.

In addition, some of the exchanges between the research team and GPT-5.2 Pro are also published in PDF format.

GR singmin - regenerate - gluon-to-graviton-paper.pdf
(PDF file) https://cdn.openai.com/pdf/gluon-to-graviton-paper.pdf

OpenAI said, 'A key takeaway from this and related projects is the pace of discovery. In this project, much of the time since the previous gluon result has been spent confirming derivations, verifying consistency, and preparing for a formal publication, rather than initial hypothesis generation. This set of results marks a major shift in effort, with verification and explanation taking over.'