Dec 24, 2019 15:00:00

12 selections of scientific research that symbolize 2019

By

geralt

The Great Letter Guardian of the United Kingdom has independently selected ' Scientific Research Representing 2019 ' from various scientific researches published in 2019 .

The science stories that shaped 2019 | Science | The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/22/the-science-stories-that-shaped-2019

◆ 1: Numerous studies on global warming
In 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the (PDF file) 1.5 ° C Special Report, which shows that it is not impossible to control global warming within 1.5 ° C. We have set a goal of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by about 45% by 2030 to zero by around 2050.

As a result of the great attention paid to global warming due to the record heat wave in 2019, many studies on global warming were published in 2019. Studies showing that glaciers are melting much faster than previously expected , studies showing that global warming has a serious impact on agriculture and fisheries, and studies showing that global warming may lead to increased preterm birth. Also appeared. Research on global warming is progressing from various perspectives.

◆ 2: Survey of 'Arctic Ocean Ice'
In September 2019, a research team of scientists from 19 countries headed to the Arctic Circle on the icebreaker ' Polarstern ' owned by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, with the aim of clarifying the effects of climate change. The survey, dubbed ' Academic Research for Multidisciplinary Arctic Climate Research (MOSAiC), ' is the largest in the history of Arctic expeditionary research. The study is scheduled to take place over a year, and it is hoped that this study will shed new light on the Arctic climate, which has been largely unclear.

By

Noel_Bauza

◆ 3: The world's first 'black hole video' is released
On April 10, 2019,an image of ahuge black hole located in the center of the elliptical galaxy M87 of the Virgo Cluster by the international cooperation project ' Event Horizon Telescope' that combines eight radio telescopes on the earthWas acquired for thefirst time . The appearance of the actually announced black hole is as follows.

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EHT Collaboration

This black hole is located 55 million light-years away from Earth and has a mass 6.5 billion times that of the Sun. The research team announced that they plan to add more radio telescopes to shoot clearer images and movies in the future.

◆ 4: Two innovative treatments for Ebola are now available
TheEbola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which began in 2018, has killed more than 1,600 people in about a year . Meanwhile, in 2019, two new Ebola treatments that further reduce the mortality rate compared to conventional treatments have appeared.

Two breakthrough treatments for Ebola have been developed, with low viral load and nearly 90% survival rate-GIGAZINE

by

freestocks.org

This new drug is expected to help people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo who suffer from Ebola.

◆ 5: Europe's oldest fossil of Homo sapiens is discovered
In July 2019, the fossil found in a Greek cave was found to be the oldest non-African bone of Homo sapiens about 210,000 years ago. Traditionally, it was thought that the continent of Africa reached the continent of Europe about 50,000 years ago, but this discovery hastened the arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe by 160,000 years.

Discovery of the oldest human fossil outside Africa Repainting the history of human migration 2 photos International News: AFPBB News
https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3234642

◆ 6: Discussion of 'human genome editing' becomes active
In November 2018, Chinese scientist He Jiankui announced that 'genome editing has produced twins with HIV resistance .' In response to this report, discussions about changing the human genetic structure became active in 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) has formed a new committee to consider a framework for genome editing aimed at treating and avoiding diseases.

In addition, scientists and Gaken奎氏of the problem ' was missing has been reported.' It has also been pointed out that the experiment itself failed and 'unintended mutations were caused.'

It is pointed out that the experiment to produce a genetically edited baby may have failed and caused an 'unintentional mutation' --GIGAZINE

by

Profile

◆ 7: 'Lithium-ion battery' that won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Akira Yoshino , an honorary fellow of Asahi Kasei and a professor of Meijo University, was awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Professor John Goodenough of the University of Texas at Austin and Professor Stanley Whittingham of Binghamton University of New York. The research that was awarded was related to ' lithium batteries, ' and Mr. Yoshino realized the ideas of Professor Good Enough and Professor Whittingham, resulting in three award winners. Lithium-ion batteries are now found in portable electronics such as smartphones used around the world.

Akira Yoshino – Facts – 2019
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/yoshino/facts/

◆ 8: The current situation in Madagascar highlights 'human influence'
In

Madame Berthe 's, the world's smallest primate, Madame Berthe's fox monkey , which is said to have about 5% of the world's biodiversity, climate variability, alien species invasion, human overfishing and agricultural expansion Various problems are occurring. Despite the existence of protected areas in Madagascar, a study published in November 2019 found that more than 12,000 protected areas and non-protected areas were surveyed to 'humans' in protected areas rather than non-protected areas. 'Increased influence' turned out to be significant. It has been pointed out that 'management of protected areas' should be emphasized.

◆ 9: Rats who love Kakurenbo
A research team at the University of Humboldt in Germany has announced a study that 'rats can learn the rules of hide-and-seek and enjoy playing hide-and-seek itself.' Research has pointed out that hide-and-seek is quite complicated in animal play, and that rats are willing to play hide-and-seek without being given 'rewards' such as food, 'surprise how humans play. It's close. '

CNN.co.jp: Mice also learn the rules of hide-and-seek, and if they win, they also study 'cheers' independently.
https://www.cnn.co.jp/fringe/35142800.html

◆ 10: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 'Elucidation of the mechanism of hypoxic response'
The 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine revealed the mechanism of '

hypoxic response ' by Professor Gregg L. Semenza of Johns Hopkins University in the United States, Professor William Kerin of Harvard University and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and the United Kingdom. It was presented to Professor Peter Ratcliffe of Oxford University. The hypoxic response is 'a mechanism by which cells detect whether or not oxygen is sufficient', and Professor Semenza and colleagues have shown that the molecules that control this reaction are two complex proteins called 'HIF-1α' and 'ARNT'. I found it.

2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Elucidation of the mechanism of cell hypoxia response to three Americans and British | Nikkei Science
http://www.nikkei-science.com/?p=59820

◆ 11: Israeli lunar explorer 'Beresheet lander'
The '

Beresheet lander ' is a lunar probe developed by the Israeli private space organization ' SpaceIL '. The Beresheet lander has attracted widespread interest among young people and has been completed with a large number of grants. We challenged the world's first landing on the moon as a 'private organization without state involvement'. The Beresheet lander was successful in launching on February 22, 2019, but unfortunately failed in landing on April 10, 2019.

The last photo sent from the spacecraft that crashed after unfortunately failing to 'land on the moon for the first time in the private sector' --GIGAZINE

by

Israel To The Moon

In this article, the Guardian described the failure of the Beresheet lander as a 'heroic failure' and appreciated the attempt itself. It should be noted, Beresheet lander is famous at an astounding life force at the time of the moon crashed tardigrades thousands of animals now also the topic that was handed out on the moon.

It was discovered that thousands of tardigrades were on the lunar probe that crashed on the moon, and there is a possibility that it will breed on the moon --GIGAZINE

by Juhasz Imre

◆ 12: Redefinition of 'kilogram'
May 2019, 7 basic units of the international unit system , meters (m), kilograms (kg), seconds (s), amperes (A), Kelvin (K), moles (mol), candela (cd) Of these, four units of kilograms, amps, kelvins, and moles have been redefined . Old definition of kilograms It was 'mass of the international kilogram prototype' new definition 'kilogram exactly 6.62607015 × 10 ^-34 joule-second value of Planck's constant (J s, which is also m ² kg s ^- It is set by defining (which can also be expressed as ¹ ) ', and it was associated with the amount of energy possessed by the photon through Planck's constant.