“A stupid person appreciates himself” says the law discoverer, “How to get rid of a confident fool”
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Prof. David Dunning, one of the parents of the Danning-Kruger effect that “low-skilled people appreciate their abilities,” says “We are all confident idiots” It talks about ' misunderstanding, overconfidence, bias '.
We Are All Confident Idiots-Pacific Standard
https://psmag.com/social-justice/confident-idiots-92793
“JODIMILLA Godzilla” announced in 2014 was the “Giant Lizard Disaster” that occurred in Tokyo in 1954. There is a corner to ask “questions that include lies” such as “Do you think this work hurts the victim?”. It seems that the person who asked the question may answer that the question is completely true even though the question contains a lie, and that the fact is well known.
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“Jimmy Kimmel Live!” Is a TV program, so the most interesting answer from the many answers is being aired, and not all respondents are aware of the fact of the lie. However, many years of research have shown that “behavior to things you do not know” is not an extreme case. Studies have shown that “university students with low grades” and “old people coming to renew their licenses” overestimate their abilities.
An easy-to-understand explanation of why incompetent people think `` my best '' in a movie-GIGAZINE
The need for the
Humans are born with intuition, but misunderstanding by intuition sometimes causes fatal accidents, leading to overconfidence in one's ability. According to a study by behavioral economist Sendhil Mullainathan, India often misunderstands that infants suffer from diarrhea because they are fed a lot of water. In reality, infants with diarrhea are at risk of dehydration and should be given clean water. It seems intuitive to say 'I give a lot of water, so I drain a lot of water', but such a misunderstanding needs to be corrected as soon as possible.
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However, there are cases where education to correct misunderstandings 'will bring confidence into the inherent misunderstandings.' One example is the misunderstanding of evolution. When asking young children “why tigers exist”, they often say “I was born because I was in the zoo”. This kind of misunderstanding is not just for young children. When asked an adult, “Why can a cheetah run faster?”, Some people answered that they have evolved to run faster so they can catch more prey. However, the correct answer based on the theory of evolution is that `` the cheetah that could run faster will live longer and leave many offspring, so the species will evolve in the direction of speeding up '', evolution in evolution theory is only an individual difference It is something that is produced by natural selection and not by the choice or desire of each individual.
In 2014, Tony Yates and Edmund Marek taught the evolution theory mentioned above to 536 high school students in Oklahoma, USA, and conducted an experiment to solve the misunderstanding of evolution theory. The subjects were asked to take a quiz-style test before and after the class to investigate whether the class had improved their understanding of evolution.
Is Oklahoma really OK? A regional study of the prevalence of biological evolution-related misconceptions held by introductory biology teachers-Semantic Scholar
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Is-Oklahoma-really-OK-A-regional-study-of-the-of-by-Yates-Marek/62b0096658fafac9c9a8e377a0cc6c027e90728c
As a result of the lecture, it seems that the proportion of students who answered “I understand evolution” has risen, but the problem is the fact that it did not necessarily lead to results. For example, the answer to the question 'Evolution cannot change the properties of an organism during its lifetime' is 'correct', but students who answered 'correct' start from 17% before and after the lecture. While the number rose to 20%, the number of students who answered “wrong” rose from 16% to 19%. In the end, the number of students who answered “I don't know” decreased due to the lecture, and it cannot be said that the students deepened their understanding.
Another example is “If you teach a driving technique in an emergency at a driving school, the accident rate will increase.” For example, if you train to cope with a slip on a snowy road, students will be confident that this is OK on a snowy road. However, the driving skills taught on snowy roads will be lost over the years, but the student's confidence that they will be okay on snowy roads will not change with time. There are a lot of drivers who overestimate the.
`` Only incompetent people overestimate themselves '' is wrong, and even the average person actually overestimates himself-gigazine
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The best way to deal with these problems is considered to be the ancient Greek that 'teachers will overcome the gap between misunderstanding and truth while interacting with students' This is the method left by the philosopher Socrates . In the previous evolutionary example, `` If the cheetah is correct, 'it has evolved to run faster because it can catch more prey,' the cheetah will realize that 'if you run faster, more prey will be caught.' Do you try to leave the ability to run fast to your offspring? ”By questioning and asking questions, you can lead students to the right thoughts.
A method to increase the persuasive power using the “belief” of each individual has also been discovered. According to Geoffrey Cohen and David Sherman, the general conservatives in the US tend to “do not support environmental protection policies” compared to liberals. However, conservatives tend to have a strong interest in “purity and purity” in thinking, behavior, and reality. In other words, it is much more appealing to appeal to conservatives to “protect the environment” and to “suppress environmental destruction in order to maintain a pure earth”. Similarly, if you want liberals to support an increase in military spending, it will be more effective to convince them that “the promotion standards in the army are equal” and “some people get out of poverty by joining the army”. .
The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention | Annual Review of Psychology
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137
But the real question is, “ How can I admit my ignorance and misunderstanding? ” The recommended method by behavioral economists when working in a group is to put a “critic” in the group. Critics are responsible for raising questions and criticizing group meetings. Criticism increases the likelihood that the group participants will be frustrated and uncomfortable, but this method has been found to make better decisions than usual.
The way you can do it yourself is to have critics in your heart . “I tend to make these conclusions, but the conclusion may be wrong.” “If this conclusion is wrong, how would it be wrong?” Psychologist Charles Lord said, “Think the opposite.” One way is to imagine the future if you made the wrong decision and think about the possibility of reaching that conclusion. And last but not least, “ seeking advice from others ”. Others may also misunderstand something, but discussions often eliminate misunderstandings.
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