"PIMOPIC" which professionals teach the basics and tips of video production by illustration and example

From personal users to theatrical film production editing, widely used domestic video editing softwareEDIUSIn the site "PIMOPIC (The Perfect introductory of motion picture)", For experienced people who are actually working as video creators and those who intend to aim for image content creation from now on, experienced professional video producers will be able to use the theory of technology and equipment necessary at each stage of video production We are collectively teaching from basic knowledge based on knowledge to tips to be utilized at practical sites.

It is more detailed than those textbooks and it is Odoroki that it can be read for free.

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◆ What kind of things are written
From the planning stage, along with the flow of video production, using drawings and photographs, it is explained in detail how to proceed with production and what kind of attention is required in the process I will. I will pick up some of them below and post it.

◆ Prepro
Prepro pro is an abbreviation for pre-production, it is a generic term for work before shooting. It explains what kind of process is necessary for preprocessing, checking the flow of the whole picture production. According to PIMOPIC, video production can be roughly divided into the following three stages.

"Planning, composition, scenario creation" = devising recipes and recipes
"Photographing · recording · material production" = work that collects ingredients such as vegetables and meat
"Edit" = cooking food according to recipe

If this is shown in the figure it will be as below.


The great place of PIMOPIC is the site of editing software, but it is following the part not directly related to editing, from how to organize projects to how to use lighting. The figure below shows the importance of the scenario changes depending on the image genre. Like a drama, if there is no scenario, there is something that is rough about a time schedule enough, as in the recording of a lecture, since it is impossible for later work.


The way to describe the contest is also explained in detail. Cutting and cutting numbers, scene numbers, cuts, time of each scene, subject and direction, etc. are also described about what information should be drawn in the story.


Shooting
In the "shooting" item, it is introduced from the basic knowledge about the camera, how the camera / work is created.

The picture below compares the differences between telephoto and wide-angle lenses. This is a picture taken with a wide angle lens.


This is a telephoto lens. I carefully touch such very basic matters as well. By the way, in the case of a 35 mm camera, in general, a 50 mm lens is considered as a standard lens, but this is due to Leica's positioning 50 mm lens as "the lens closest to the human eye".


There are many people who do not know well about the mechanism of "iris" and "depth of field (depth)" in fact. PIMOPIC also explains this relationship in detail.

The lens has an iris (iris). The numerical value representing the size of the diaphragm is the F value, and the relation between the focal length and the lens aperture can be expressed as follows. The smaller the F value is, the brighter it is (the larger the light amount), the bigger the F value, the darker the lens becomes.


In addition to the role of adjusting the amount of light, the aperture also has the task of adjusting the depth of field (depth). The depth of field is the range in which focus is perceived.


The depth of field has the following features.

1. The larger the diaphragm (the smaller the F value), the deeper the depth of field becomes and the smaller the range of focus is narrowed
2. The longer the focal length of the lens, the narrower the depth of field
3. The depth of field at the front side from the center point of the focus is narrow and wide at the rear side (therefore, if you want to focus on the object with average depth, focus on the front side from the center in the depth direction .

The picture below shows the difference in photographs caused by the difference in depth of field. This is because the depth of field is shallow and the range of focus is narrowing, so the objects in the background look blurred.


Here, the depth of field is deep and the objects in the background are clearly visible.


In the item of "shooting", other than this"Bread""Tilt"It describes the knowledge necessary for actual photography, such as what is and what to shoot.

◆ Lighting
At PIMOPIC, professional video producers talk about lighting as important as cameras, from the role of lighting to how to use lighting.

One of the roles of lighting is "Securing illumination". Of course, I use lighting to illuminate the subject sufficiently brightly, but enough illumination will change depending on the situation. For example, if you want to capture the face of a person under the backlight, the face will become dark if you do not illuminate brighter than the background.

further"Color controlOne of the role of lighting. Each light source has its own "light color", and the color finally recorded in the camera is the sum of "the light color of the light source" and "the color of the subject itself". The two photos below are taken of the same sushi, but the above picture was taken under fluorescent light. The picture below is taken under incandescent light.


Also,"Expression of stereoscopic effect"Can also be done by lighting. For example, there is a method of giving a stereoscopic effect by highlighting the outline of a subject by illuminating a subject whose ambiguity with the background is ambiguous from behind.

The picture on the left is a picture expressed without outdoor stereoscopic feeling, the picture on the right is a picture expressing a stereoscopic effect by lighting.


By adjusting the delicate balance of the number of lighting, the intensity, the position, the degree of spreading, etc., "solid" and smoothness of the subject such as "Material feelingIt is also possible to express. Furthermore, by combining these elements, "scene" and "cut"atmosphereIt is said that the role of lighting directs.

Describing the role of lighting, it explains how to use lighting in actual shooting. In relation to the subject, it explains what effect will be obtained when lighting is applied from which position.


According to PIMOPIC, the general guidelines that lighting should satisfy are as follows.

1. Direct light from the light and extra reflected light do not enter the camera
2. Ability to properly express the shape of the subject
3. To be able to properly express the stereoscopic effect and the material feeling of the subject
4. Shadow is one or not
5. Shadow density and blurring are appropriate

◆ Recording
Recording is an indispensable element in video production. Here we will pick up what part sounds are digitized in what way.

There are two kinds of recording mode setting of DV camera, usually 12bit / 32kHz and 16bit / 48kHz. For example, 16bit / 48kHz means digitization with quantization 16bit / sampling frequency 48kHz. Since the upper limit of the frequency that can be heard with the human ear is about 20 kHz, if there is a sampling frequency of more than 40 kHz that is twice that, it is possible to digitize all sounds that the average person can hear in principle .


Specifically, the amplitude of the sound at a certain moment = the volume is represented by a digital value of 16 bits = 2 16 to 65536 steps, and in the time direction, 48 kHz sampling frequency is recorded = 48,000 times per second It will be said that. The more you divide, the more it will sound as close to the original sound.


In order to record, you will need a microphone. In the "Recording" item, the characteristics of the microphone are also explained.

The frequency range that the microphone can listen to and its sensitivity is "frequency characteristic". In order to record faithfully to the original sound, it is preferable that the flat frequency characteristic is as flat as possible within the frequency range that humans can listen to, but depending on the application, the flat frequency characteristics are not necessarily optimal.

For example, when recording a voice of a person such as an interview, the microphone with the high sensitivity of the human voice to the bass, which is the frequency of the human voice, may be more suitable. Conversely, in order to reduce wind noise (wind noise) with windy outdoor recording, there are some with a function to lower the sensitivity in the low frequency range. This is called a low cut filter.


The directivity characteristic of the microphone is equivalent to the wide-angle / telephoto of the lens of the camera. An omnidirectional microphone is one that can record 360 degrees around the surface almost uniformly. Unidirectional (cardioid) microphone is a microphone with characteristics of relatively high front sensitivity. It is sharp directivity or super directional microphone that made unidirectionality stronger. Even a unidirectional microphone can not completely cut the sound in the horizontal direction. Also, as the directivity becomes stronger, sensitivity to the rear side (the opposite side of the front side) also becomes stronger, so you need to be careful.


In addition, "Recording" items, various recording equipments that assist in recording with a microphone, and studio recording know-how etc. are posted.

◆ Edit
Editing work is the final step of video production. No matter how good materials are taken, the quality of editing will greatly influence the quality of editing.

As a clear expression of the significance of editing, former Soviet film directorCresvExperiments are introduced. In this experiment, we showed images edited in the order of "male, baby, male" and images edited in order of "man, garbage mountain, man" like the image below. As a result of the experiment, the subject who saw the image of "male · baby · man" felt that "the man is full of happiness", the audience who saw the picture of "man · garbage mountain · man" is "the man is sorrow It seems he felt that he was born.


In this way, to create a new specific mood and meaning in the image by connecting discontinuous shots and shots originally is called "(between shots) montage". Such montage technique uses the characteristics of human being "to see something meaning there when seeing certain combinations", and it is the basic principle of video editing.

When viewing video editing from the work surface, it becomes "to construct one story by taking out the necessary parts from the given video material, rearranging, rearranging, joining together and adding video effects" It is editing work to cut out materials, rearrange them, join together, and make meaning to the images.


There are also types in the cut itself and how to connect the cuts, each with its name. The relatively commonly used ones are as follows.

"Shoulder over shoulder shot". Put a backward appearance from the shoulder of the person in the foreground and display the main subject.


"Cut Away". Connect the cut from the main subject to the other related subjects.


"Reaction / Cut". It is a cut (a kind of cut-away) of people / things related to the act of the subject.


"Insert cut". An independent cut inserted in a certain scene.


"Sight line cutting". Picture from the point of view of the characters.


"Action Cut (Tsunagi)". Connecting a series of movements across multiple cuts.


"Match Cut". Connecting cuts of subjects with similar shape, size and movement (often overlapping).


We will make edits using these cuts and splices, and then add telop, visual effects, sound effects on it. The flow of the whole editing proceeds as shown below.

Material selection and classification
↓
Master plan creation
↓
Cut connection
↓
Telop, visual effect
↓
Sound effect (S.E., M.E.)

In addition, the "edit" item explains the technique used in actual editing. In addition, about "recording" and "post pro", carefully described from basic to knowledge that can be used in actual production.

In addition, "PIMOPIC" was supervised by Mr. Mizuno Goro who is a part-time instructor at Kwansei Gakuin University and written by Mitsuhiko Yoda, the representative director of content production company "Xooms". The table of contents of each content is as follows.

· Pre-Pro
01: Flow of video production 02: Project 03: Orientation 04: Expression of scenario 05: Container

Shooting
01: Lens characteristics 02: Screen size 03: Camera height and angle 04: Camera work 05: Shooting equipment 06: Actual shooting

·illumination
01: role of lighting 02: color expression ~ illumination and color 03: light position 04: lighting equipment 05: 3 lighting basic and application 06: other lighting, link collection

· Material production
01: CG 02: 2DCG 03: 3DCG 04: image composition 05: sound material 06: sound material production

·recording
01: Fundamentals of recording 02: Physics of sound 03: Recording equipment 1 - Mike 04: Recording equipment 2 - Other 05: Actual recording of studio 06: Recording practice in location

· Edit
01: What is editing 02: Role of editing 03: Actual of editing 04: Technique of editing 05: Imaginary line 06: Cut by sound

· Post Pro
01: About POSPRO 02: Interlace and frame rate 03: Monitoring 04: Color correction 05: MA 06: Delivery

· Related knowledge
01: Video format 02: HD (High Definition) 03: Data compression 04: Film commission 05: Copyright / portrait rights 06: Location

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