What is "Black Hole Information Paradox" that plagues physicists around the world?

The physical information that the thing sucked into the black hole has caused is lost "Black Hole Information ParadoxAbout the approach to how to think about black holes and information in order to solve the difficult problem called "movie"Why Black Holes Could Delete The Universe - The Information Paradox"Is briefly explained by animation.

Why Black Holes Could Delete The Universe - The Information Paradox - YouTube


Black hole is the strongest in the universe and has enough power to resolve all stars separately into atomic levels. Even this alone is enough and a terrible black hole, it is thought that there is a horrible aspect that will erase the universe itself.


Black holes appear by concentrating a large amount of substances in small spaces. The gravity at the center of the black hole is infinite, and everything that is too close is decomposed into elementary particles. Jumping into the black hole, even the light can not escape, so we recognize the black hole as a black ball.


However, even if you fall into a black hole,Earthquake of eventsNothing bad will happen until we cross the boundary called "


This is like swimming in a river falling into a waterfall.


The flow becomes faster as the waterfall approaches, but it is possible to safely swim to the point where irrevocable is to be reached.


But once you cross the boundary, whichever you swim faster, you become a person who is shed by a waterfall and will not return.


Anything swollen by a black hole too close to you can not escape.


By this boundary it can be seen that the black hole is completely separated from the outside world. It is impossible to reach the black hole without preparing not to return again. Therefore, it is not clear what is happening inside the black hole.


However, I know a little about what is happening at the boundary. It is likened to something like water vapor evaporating from boiling water.


This is"Hawking radiationIt is what is called.


Black holes are constantly losing mass. This pace is incredibly slow, the time it takes for a black hole of the same mass as the sun to lose 0.0000001% mass is 100AtsubiIt is the year (10 -58) years.


This phenomenon is constantly occurring, and the pace is getting faster and faster. In the future after a few trillion years since the last star died in space, the black hole evaporates and disappears.


However, it is considered that there is a possibility that the "information" that is the root of all events will disappear in the process of the black hole disappearing, which is a big problem.


What is "information" here?


Information is not physically shaped, it is said to be the state of arrangement of particles. For example, considering a group of carbon atoms as an example ...


When gathered in a specific arrangement, it becomes graphite (graphite) ......


If you gather in another arrangement it will also be a diamond.


It is thanks to the information that the substance itself is the same but the substance is different.


Gathering several atoms, some become bananas ......


Some will be squirrels.


The radicals (elementary particles) of everything in the universe are the same.


Whether it is a coffee or a bird, it depends on the information, and it is quite unknown if you take it for elementary particles. In extreme argument, it can be said that everything will be of the same quality if the information disappears from the universe.


However, according to quantum mechanics information should be immortal. Even if the shape changes, information will not be lost.


If you burn the paper ...


It will become ash. This ash does not return to paper again.


However, if you can collect all carbon atoms from the ash and measure the exact nature of smoke and heat from the flame, it is theoretically possible to reproduce the original paper. In other words, information on paper is not lost, it is still in the universe. It just became difficult to understand.


If we were able to measure all the individual atoms and heat radiation in outer space, we should be able to capture and track all the information. In other words, on the hypothesis you can see all the events that happened from the Big Bang.


But the problem is the black hole.


From the information you can see how things are different from each other and what was what.


The black hole is the opposite to this, making everything the same homogeneous.


In other words, black holes destroy information.


This will cause "information paradox" and it will be a serious problem.


What is an information paradox?


"The information is never lost" is the foundation of the law of physics. Without information, everything is no longer the existence of "absolute". In order to understand the reality, "absolute" which is the standard is necessary. So, how can we solve this paradox?


One possibility is that "information is lost forever."


When the information is lost, all of the physical laws is ruined, and start over abandoned the law of the past, it will be called.


Nobody knows what the newly created physical laws are, what they mean. It feels a bit strange, but it is exciting.


The second possibility is that "information is hidden".


Perhaps the black hole breaks up and may make a "birth universe" (baby universe).


The information has been transferred to this new universe that we can not see or touch, and it will be strictly not lost.


For example, something like a broken hard disk with pictures and music recorded.


Even if the information itself exists, it does not make sense because it can not be accessed.


However, as a third possibility, the theory that "information is preserved safely" is considered. This is the theory that the information never hides unless the information disappears.


I knew that the black hole might catch the information and erase it so far, but I did not think about what to do with the information during that time. So where is the black hole holding information?


In order to imagine this, I will consider the parable called 'space housework'.


Imagine making black holes with dirty objects.


Stuff the laundry in the basket and fill the room with this basket. Of course, the more laundry, the more baskets needed.


Someday the room will be filled with laundry basket and become a bread roll, it will be in a state that it will not enter one sock.


Nevertheless, trying to pack socks with huge energy ... ...


The room itself collapses and becomes a black hole.


However, since the capacity has not changed, socks will not enter yet.


But what if you try to pack a lot of socks yet?


In order to make room for new information, the whole room should be a bit bigger.


Well, when the information is thrown into the black hole ......


The surface gets a little bigger.


In other words, the more information, the bigger the surface becomes.


Information is expressed as "it is like when throwing a stone into a pond."


I can not see anymore when the stone goes down. However, as the surface of the pond rises up, you can see that something entered the pond.


Even with the smallest black hole, it is possible to store more information than all the information on human history on the surface. You will be able to store information in an incredibly small area. The black hole is like the ultimate hard disk.


This is similar to making a paper book an e-book.


E-books and books seem to be quite different things, but the information that becomes contents is the same. In other words, the information is coded and recorded in a different form.


It may be said that the way the black hole swallows stars is something like loading a library's books with a scanner for e-book one after another.


This hypothesis is "Holographic principleIt is called.


If this theory is correct ...


It means that the view of the cosmos we saw was completely incorrect.


"The universe may be like a hologram."


If black holes preserve information on the boundary surface, Hawking radiation has the opportunity to know that information is encoded and carried.


In other words, even if the black hole disappears, information will not be lost, so that the law of physics will never be redone and the information paradox will be resolved.


That said, understanding of our 'reality' is fundamentally forced to change.


When the information of all events sucked into the black hole is stored on the surface ......


Basically it means that three dimensional things are coded on the plane.


This is the same as hologram.


A hologram encodes a 3D image and replaces it with a flat plastic.


In the meantime, the black hole is like a hologram because it encodes all the internal events on the surface.


People inside the black hole will also experience a normal three dimensional world.


But for us outside the black hole, it is a flat image of the surface.


Such a conclusion may be contrary to intuition.


The black hole is a very extreme object, but it is bound by the same rules as those of other nature.


If we allow the duality of black holes that span two and three dimensions, the entire universe we are able to hold can be established.


We may be encoded in the plane at the end of the universe so that people in the black hole are not noticed that it is coded in two dimensions.


The science behind this theory is very complicated and it is indispensable to understand psycho theory and the like if you try to understand correctly.


After all, our universe is complicated and understanding of various physics is necessary to understand correctly.


The black hole may be an important key to understand the essence of 'reality'.