Explanatory drawing of Chinese punishment published in 1804

A book explaining Chinese punishment with 22 figures published in 1804. The commentary is written in English and French, so it seems that it was published to explain to people outside China. Some are painful just to look at, while others have a gentle facial expression and it is hard to imagine what the punishment is.

Details are as below. A criminal caught in a cage.

torture.

A criminal who is forced to execute a sentence.

Pendulum sentence.

The sentence of a wooden collar.

Ear twist sentence.

Decapitation.

The punishment of a wooden cylinder.

Other images are from the following.

NYPL Digital Gallery --The punishments of China