The American Heart Association has published the 'optimal daily coffee intake for health.'
Caffeine and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association | Circulation
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001454
Coffee and heart health: How many cups of caffeinated coffee are safe to drink each day? | American Heart Association
https://newsroom.heart.org/news/coffee-and-heart-health-how-many-cups-of-caffeinated-coffee-are-safe-to-drink-each-day
American Heart Association Reveals The Optimal Daily Cups of Coffee For Your Health : ScienceAlert
https://www.sciencealert.com/new-review-from-american-heart-association-reveals-the-optimal-daily-cups-of-coffee-for-your-health
Caffeine has stimulating and antipyretic/analgesic effects, but it is known that excessive intake can have adverse health effects. In addition, consuming large amounts of caffeine in a short period of time can lead to acute caffeine poisoning, which can cause palpitations, nausea, and arrhythmias.
The American Heart Association analyzed a series of studies investigating the relationship between caffeine and blood pressure, cholesterol levels, metabolic diseases, and cardiovascular risk, and determined the optimal daily intake of coffee (caffeine) for good health.
As a result, the American Heart Association concluded that 'based on the latest research, consuming up to 400 mg of caffeine per day, which is equivalent to 3 to 5 cups of regular black coffee (8 ounces, approximately 237 ml) per day without added sugar, sweeteners, flavorings, or additives, is considered safe for most adults.' They also stated that 'consuming caffeinated coffee without added sugar, flavorings, or cream is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and certain arrhythmias.'
Caffeine ingested by humans is metabolized in the liver, and in most people, blood levels peak within an hour of ingestion. However, the rate of caffeine metabolism varies depending on genetics, metabolism, age, and past caffeine intake. Regular consumption of caffeine-rich beverages can increase caffeine tolerance, and the stimulating effect of the same amount of caffeine also varies from person to person. The American Heart Association summarizes the effects of caffeine on health as follows:
- Effects on blood pressure
For people with normal blood pressure, drinking 1 to 3 cups of coffee a day increases the risk of high blood pressure, while drinking more than 3 cups a day
• Impact on type 2 diabetes
A consistent link has been shown between habitual coffee consumption and a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. One study reported that women who drank three or more cups of coffee a day had a 27% lower risk of type 2 diabetes compared to women who did not drink coffee, and another reported that people who drank five or more cups of coffee a day had a 30% lower risk of type 2 diabetes .
• Effects on cholesterol
Data from randomized clinical trials have shown that cafestol , a component found in both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, is associated with elevated levels of bad cholesterol . Cafestol is found in unfiltered espresso and French press coffee, but is hardly present in filtered coffee or instant coffee.
• Impact on cardiovascular disease
A meta-analysis of 30 studies found that consuming up to 3.5 cups of coffee per day was associated with a roughly 10% reduction in the risk of coronary artery disease . Another study showed that drinking up to 5 cups of coffee per day was associated with a reduced risk of coronary artery disease, with the optimal amount being 2-3 cups per day . Additionally, drinking 2-4 cups of caffeinated coffee per day was associated with a reduced risk of heart disease, heart failure, and stroke.
Furthermore, it's important to pay attention to the source of caffeine intake. Coffee and tea contain not only caffeine but also large amounts of beneficial antioxidants and other compounds. On the other hand, energy drinks contain not only caffeine but also large amounts of sugar and other unhealthy ingredients, and it has been pointed out that even if the amount of caffeine consumed is the same, the impact on health may differ.
Professor Gregory Marcus of the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, who led the group that wrote the statement, said, 'While research suggests that caffeine intake may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health for some people, it's important to remember that there is no one-size-fits-all way to safely consume caffeine. It's important to pay attention to how your body reacts to caffeine and to consult with your healthcare team to find out what is right for you.'
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