Why your baby will be able to breathe soon after birth
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'Breathing' is indispensable for human life activities, but since it has been done unconsciously since birth, I think it is very easy. However, in reality, 'breathing' is a complex biological function that includes a wide variety of neurons. How can a baby naturally breathe like that?
How to'jumpstart' rhythmic breathing at birth
https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/09/06/how-to-jumpstart-rhythmic-breathing-at-birth/
Chemosensory neurons are needed to sense oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, and motor neurons are needed to control muscle movement. These neurons are needed for breathing, but it seems that yet another special neuron is needed to start breathing when the baby is born. However, although it has been clarified that an accurate respiratory rhythm is produced by the action of a wide variety of neurons, it has been clarified so far specifically 'what mechanism produces the respiratory rhythm?' It wasn't.
Meanwhile, a research team led by Huda Zoghbi at Baylor College of Medicine discovered two neurons that control respiration in the posterior brain. These neurons play a particularly important role in 'establishing and maintaining the optimal respiratory rhythm', which is important when a baby is born, and transfers information obtained from various organs of the human body to the rhythm-forming neurons of the respiratory circuit. It seems that it also plays a role of relaying.
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'The ability to regulate respiratory rhythms in response to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels is essential for the survival of humans and other animals,' said Zoghbi, a professor of molecular biology. The neural circuit is already able to practice the breathing rhythm, and it will be possible to adjust to the correct breathing rhythm based on the feedback. '
Studies have shown that this respiratory neural circuit is closely related to the transcription factors produced by the master gene. Transcription factors supervise the development of neuronal populations and regulate the reactions that occur between neurons, so that the entire reticular brain builds neural circuits for respiration based on the design of genetic neural circuits. It seems to manipulate.
'Understanding how these important genes build the respiratory circuit will give us valuable insights into how the respiratory neural circuits are born,' said Zoghbi. In addition, it was thought that it would lead to the elucidation of the cause of death of 'infants who died of respiratory failure' due to diseases such as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
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The research team of Zoghbi et al. Discovered 'ATOH1', a regulatory gene that is deeply involved in respiratory control. The ATOH1 gene is expressed in the retencephalon and is known to contribute significantly to the development of several nervous systems in this region.
Previous studies have shown that when the ATOH1 gene is specifically deficient in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) located in the lower posterior brain, mice are unable to regulate respiratory rhythms even with increased carbon dioxide levels in the body, and are born. In the case of mice, it was confirmed that they died of respiratory failure. These results revealed that the ATOH1 gene plays an important role in respiration, but the latest study shows that paracerebellar limb nucleus complex neurons (PBC neurons) reach dangerous levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Has been found to be particularly active in. This seems to be an important result showing that PBC neurons play an important role in respiration.
Mike van der Heiden, who participated in the study, said, 'Mice lacking small paraneurons during the neonatal period may survive in the neonatal period, but may experience irregular rhythmic respiration or apathy. 'There were some problems with the respiratory system,' he said, suggesting that PBC neurons may play an important role in the formation of respiratory neural circuits. It was said that.
by Chiến Phạm
In addition, based on the latest research results, Zoghbi et al. Proposed a model in which chemosensory neurons detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, and PBC and RTN neurons transmit that information to the respiratory circuit. I am. PBC and RTN neurons then transmit this information to respiratory rhythm-generating neurons, which use motor neurons to activate muscles and move the body to take in more oxygen for faster, deeper breathing. The research team claims that it is.
Newborns with mutations in genes that regulate the development and activity of these neuronal lines are likely to increase the risk of respiratory distress after birth, and because the neonatal neurorespiratory circuit is immature, oxygen or carbon dioxide The researchers point out that even small changes in carbon concentration can be fatal and fatal to SIDS.
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